Drug Testing in the Workplace
Most employers in the United States are not required to do drug testing on either current or potential employees, although the majority have the right to do so (United States Department of Labor, 2010). Drug testing is not required under the Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988. The Act can be confusing and challenging for employers, however, since it essentially states that any organization receiving federal grants or contracts must be drug-free but does not contain language that specifically allows for drug testing (Thompson Reuters 2011). Many state and local governments limit or prohibit drug testing unless required for certain jobs with state or Federal governments.
As far back as 1997, the American Civil Liberties Union was deploring the use of drug testing in the workplace, citing an increase of 277% over a ten-year period (American Civil Liberties Union, 1997). Drug testing remains a controversial issue and one's viewpoint often depends on whether one is an employer or an employee.
Individuals who are not drug users may give little thought to drug testing in the workplace. It is not an issue they can ignore. According to a study several years ago by the U.S. Department of Labor, more than eight million Americans use some type of illegal substance. As many as seventy-three percent of illicit drug users were reported to be employed (Smith, 2004, p. 45). It is difficult to find statistics since there is no mandatory reporting, but one can probably assume that these numbers have not changed much in the intervening years. It was likely then and now that many of the employed drug users worked for small firms that cannot afford to do drug testing or believe they do not need it.
Results are accurate and considered more reliable than urine tests (Department of Labor, 2010). Since the late 1990s, there have been considerable developments in the use of oral fluid (saliva) for drug testing. The saliva tests can detect drugs from cannabis to heroin. Concentrations of amphetamines, cocaine and some opiates are higher in saliva than they are in blood plasma (Drummer, 2006), making saliva testing more accurate and reliable. Drugs tend to move quickly through the blood and into the urine. Urine testing is effective for drugs, but not as effective for alcohol, which tends to pass quickly through the system. It is important to remember that urine testing shows the presence or absence of drug metabolites in the urine, which are the residues that remain after a drug has worn off. Thus, a positive test does not necessarily mean a person was under the influence of drugs at the time of the test, but does show if drugs were used within a certain window (U.S. Department of Labor, 2010). Hair samples provide an even bigger testing window -- they can show drug use within a period of ninety days -- but, like the urine tests, hair sample tests do not show that a person is under the influence but only that drugs have been used. Sweat tests are administered through patches that are worn on the skin for some time. They are thus not effective in determining whether an individual is currently under the influence, but they are useful for checking compliance with probation and parole…
